Asentamientos precarios en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Apuntes para una revisión de los conceptos de villa, asentamiento y núcleo habitacional transitorio en el marco de la producción estadística / Precarious settlements in Buenos Aires City: Notes for a review of the concepts of villa, settlement and transient housing nucleus in the framework of statistical production

El presente informe documenta las tareas realizadas por la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (DGEyC-GCBA), en el marco del Programa de Estudios de Pobreza del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC), para contribuir a la definición conceptual y operativa de los asentamientos irregulares o precarios (y su tipología) en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Las definiciones son el paso necesario que permite identificar estas áreas de la Cuidad, por lo tanto, resultan esenciales tanto para las tareas pre-censales (en perspectiva del próximo Censo de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 2020) como para la explotación de los datos. En la primera parte se presenta una reseña histórica, en la que se describe el proceso de conformación y evolución de los asentamientos precarios (villas, asentamientos y Núcleos Habitacionales Transitorios) en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, haciendo eje en los aspectos demográficos y sociopolíticos que lo marcaron, y se presenta una imagen de la situación actual de dichas áreas, detallando los cambios en marcha. En un segundo apartado, se analizan las definiciones vigentes, tanto conceptuales como operativas, utilizadas tanto por la DGEyC, como por organismos públicos del GCBA, y por organismos nacionales, provinciales y la academia. A la vez, se presentan los criterios operativos empleados por la DGEyC en las tareas pre-censales y en el procesamiento de la información del Censo 2010 en las áreas con asentamientos precarios. Finalmente, a partir de la información disponible (con datos del Censo 2010), se analizan los indicadores sociodemográficos que intervienen en las definiciones relevadas con el propósito de encontrar regularidades en cada uno de los tipos de asentamientos precarios analizados. (AU)

Urbanization is Associated with Increased Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Indigenous Populations: the PAI Study / Urbanização Associa-se com Tendência a Maior Mortalidade Cardiovascular em Populações Indígenas: o Estudo PAI

Abstract Background: The cardiovascular risk burden among diverse indigenous populations is not totally known and may be influenced by lifestyle changes related to the urbanization process. Objectives: To investigate the cardiovascular (CV) mortality profile of indigenous populations during a rapid urbanization process largely influenced by governmental infrastructure interventions in Northeast Brazil. Methods: We assessed the mortality of indigenous populations (≥ 30 y/o) from 2007 to 2011 in Northeast Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco states). Cardiovascular mortality was considered if the cause of death was in the ICD-10 CV disease group or if registered as sudden death. The indigenous populations were then divided into two groups according to the degree of urbanization based on anthropological criteria:9,10 Group 1 - less urbanized tribes (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri, and Pankararé); and Group 2 - more urbanized tribes (Tuxá, Truká, and Tumbalalá). Mortality rates of highly urbanized cities (Petrolina and Juazeiro) in the proximity of indigenous areas were also evaluated. The analysis explored trends in the percentage of CV mortality for each studied population. Statistical significance was established for p value < 0.05. Results: There were 1,333 indigenous deaths in tribes of Bahia and Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 in Group 1 (1.8% of the 2012 group population) and 73 in Group 2 (3.7% of the 2012 group population), CV mortality of 24% and 37%, respectively (p = 0.02). In 2007-2009, there were 133 deaths in Group 1 and 44 in Group 2, CV mortality of 23% and 34%, respectively. In 2009-2010, there were 148 deaths in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2, CV mortality of 25% and 41%, respectively. Conclusions: Urbanization appears to influence increases in CV mortality of indigenous peoples living in traditional tribes. Lifestyle and environmental changes due to urbanization added to suboptimal health care may increase CV risk in this population.

Resumo Fundamento: O risco cardiovascular das diversas comunidades indígenas não está bem estabelecido e pode ser influenciado pelo processo de urbanização a que se submetem esses povos. Objetivos: Investigar o perfil da mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) das populações indígenas durante o rápido processo de urbanização altamente influenciado por intervenções governamentais de infraestrutura no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Avaliamos a mortalidade de populações indígenas (≥ 30 anos) do Vale do São Francisco (Bahia e Pernambuco) no período de 2007-2011. Considerou-se mortalidade CV se a causa de morte constasse no grupo de doenças CV do CID-10 ou se tivesse sido registrada como morte súbita. As populações indígenas foram divididas em dois grupos conforme o grau de urbanização baseado em critérios antropológicos: Grupo 1 - menos urbanizadas (Funi-ô, Pankararu, Kiriri e Pankararé); e Grupo 2 - mais urbanizadas (Tuxá, Truká e Tumbalalá). Taxas de mortalidade de cidades altamente urbanizadas (Petrolina e Juazeiro) nas proximidades das áreas indígenas foram também avaliadas. A análise explorou tendências na porcentagem de mortalidade CV para cada população estudada. Adotou-se o valor de p < 0,05 como significância estatística. Resultados: Houve 1.333 mortes indígenas nas tribos da Bahia e de Pernambuco (2007-2011): 281 no Grupo 1 (1,8% da população de 2012) e 73 no Grupo 2 (3,7% da população de 2012), mortalidade CV de 24% e 37%, respectivamente (p = 0,02). Entre 2007 e 2009, houve 133 mortes no Grupo 1 e 44 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 23% e 34%, respectivamente. Entre 2009 e 2010, houve 148 mortes no Grupo 1 e 29 no Grupo 2, mortalidade CV de 25% e 41%, respectivamente. Conclusões: A urbanização parece influenciar os aumentos de mortalidade CV dos povos indígenas vivendo de modo tradicional. Mudanças no estilo de vida e ambientais devidas à urbanização somadas à subótima atenção à saúde podem estar implicadas no aumento do risco CV nos povos indígenas.

Desigualdade no acesso à saúde entre as áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil: uma decomposição de fatores entre 1998 a 2008 / Inequality in access to health services between urban and rural areas in Brazil: a disaggregation of factors from 1998 to 2008 / Desigualdad en el acceso a la salud entre áreas urbanas y rurales de Brasil: una descomposición de factores entre 1998 a 2008

O acesso à saúde é uma importante dimensão das desigualdades entre áreas urbanas e rurais. O acesso é menor nas áreas rurais em função da maior vulnerabilidade social de sua população e das maiores dificuldades de acesso que seus grupos sociais estão submetidos. A partir de dados do suplemento de saúde da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, foram analisados os determinantes do acesso e das diferenças entre áreas urbanas e rurais nos anos de 1998 a 2008. A análise dos determinantes do acesso aos serviços de saúde foi realizada pelo modelo de regressão logística binária. As diferenças entre áreas urbanas e rurais foram decompostas em fatores observáveis (fatores de capacitação, necessidade e predisposição) e não observáveis (oferta e dificuldade de acesso). Os resultados destacam que a desigualdade de acesso é elevada e maior nas áreas rurais. Os fatores de necessidade são determinantes fundamentais do acesso à saúde, enquanto que os fatores de capacitação são mais importantes para explicar as diferenças entre as áreas urbanas e rurais. A tênue redução das diferenças no período se deveu fundamentalmente a mudanças na composição da população rural.

Access to healthcare is an important dimension of inequalities between urban and rural areas. Access is lower in rural areas due to the population's greater social vulnerability and greater difficulties in access among its social groups. Based on data from the health supplement of the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey, we analyzed the determinants of access and differences between urban and rural areas from 1998 to 2008. The analysis of determinants of access to health services used binary logistic regression. Differences between urban and rural areas were disaggregated as observable factors (enabling, need, and predisposing) and non-observable factors (supply and difficulty in access). The results highlight that inequality in access is higher in rural areas. Need factors are fundamental determinants of access to health, while enabling factor are more important for explaining the differences between urban and rural areas. The slight reduction in differences during the period was due mainly to changes in the rural population's composition.

El acceso a la salud es una importante dimensión de las desigualdades entre áreas urbanas y rurales. El acceso es menor en las áreas rurales, en función de una mayor vulnerabilidad social de su población y de las mayores dificultades de acceso a la que están sometidos sus grupos sociales. A partir de los datos del suplemento de salud de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios, se analizaron los determinantes de acceso y diferencias entre áreas urbanas y rurales, desde el año 1998 a 2008. El análisis de los determinantes de acceso a los servicios de salud se realizó mediante un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Las diferencias entre áreas urbanas y rurales se dividieron en factores observables (factores de capacitación, necesidad y predisposición) y no observables (oferta y dificultad de acceso). Los resultados destacan que la desigualdad de acceso es elevada y superior en las áreas rurales. Los factores de necesidad son determinantes fundamentales del acceso a la salud, mientras que los factores de capacitación son más importantes para explicar las diferencias entre áreas urbanas y rurales. La tenue reducción de las diferencias en el período se debió fundamentalmente a cambios en la composición de la población rural.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en comunidades urbana y rural Tinaquillo: Venezuela / Cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural communities from Tinaquillo: Venezuela

RESUMEN Objetivo Comparar la frecuencia de los principales factores clínicos, bioquímicos y antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular entre una comunidad rural y una urbana de Tinaquillo, Venezuela. Métodos Se evaluaron 118 individuos mayores de 18 años (52 pertenecientes a la comunidad urbana y 66 a la comunidad rural) a los cuales se les determinó peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, presión arterial, glicemia y perfil lipídico. Se aplicó una encuesta para medir antecedentes personales de enfermedad cardiovascular y estilo de vida. Resultados Se evidenció que alrededor del 60 % de los individuos de la comunidad rural presentaron entre obesidad y sobrepeso. Cifras similares fueron obtenidas en la comunidad urbana, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas. Casi la mitad de los participantes mostró obesidad abdominal, así como una frecuencia importante de individuos con HDLc bajo (mayor al 70 %). Cabe destacar que si bien, se obtuvieron bajos porcentajes de hipertrigliceridemia, los mismos fueron significativamente superiores en la comunidad rural (Chi-cuadrado=4,82; p=0,0281). Caso contrario ocurre con la frecuencia del hábito tabáquico, el cual es estadísticamente superior en la comunidad urbana (Chi-cuadrado=4,48; p=0,0342). Conclusión Los resultados muestran una elevada frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en ambas comunidades. En consecuencia, los programas de promoción en salud emergentes deben tener alcance hasta las comunidades rurales, pues el riesgo a padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular es similar al de la comunidad urbana, además de estar igualmente propensas a la adquisición de hábitos no saludables.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the frequency of major clinical, biochemical and anthropometric cardiovascular risk factors between a rural community and an urban community from Tinaquillo, Venezuela. Method 118 individuals older than 18 years (52 of the urban community and 66 of the rural community) were included; their weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid profile were assessed. A survey to measure personal history of cardiovascular disease and lifestyle was applied. Results About 60 % of the individuals of the rural community were either obese or overweight; similar figures were obtained in the urban community with no statistically significant differences. Almost half of the participants had abdominal obesity, and also a significant frequency of individuals with low HDLc (greater than 70 %) was observed. It should be noted that although low percentages of hypertriglyceridemia were obtained, they were significantly higher in the rural community (chi-square=4.82, p=0.0281). The opposite occurs with the frequency of smoking, which is statistically higher in the urban community (chi-square=4.48, p=0.0342). Conclusions The results show a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in both communities. Consequently, health promotion programs should reach out to rural communities, as the risk of cardiovascular disease is similar to that of the urban community, who are equally prone to acquire unhealthy habits.(AU)

Satisfaction levels with family physician services: a pilot national health programme in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Family physicians in the Islamic Republic of Iran have been providing health and medical services to residents from rural areas since 2005, and from 2011 these services have been delivered to urban residents in Fars and Mazandaran provinces. This study was conducted in 2014 to measure the rate of user satisfaction with services provided by family physicians to the rural and urban population of the second most populated county in Fars province [Marvdasht county, population > 330 000]. In urban and rural areas, 1650 houses [825 in rural and 825 in urban areas] were selected, of which 1561 houses were inhabited [2908 individuals in urban and 3062 individuals in rural areas] and an interview-administered doorstep questionnaire was completed. Overall satisfaction rate was 59.2%: 54.5% for urban areas and 63.2% for rural areas. This study suggests that satisfaction is higher among rural residents and that better quality services from family physicians are needed in both rural and urban communities

Factors affecting breastfeeding practices among working women in Pakistan

In urban areas of Pakistan, women's return to work after giving birth has frequently been found to be a main contributor to the early termination of breastfeeding. This study aimed to assess workplace breastfeeding support provided to working mothers in Pakistan. In a cross-sectional survey in 2014, mothers and employers from a representative sample of 297 workplaces were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. Mothers from 36 [12.1%] sites reported receiving breastfeeding breaks, and 86% of the mothers had received 3 months paid maternity leave. Provision of a lighter job and information about breastfeeding options on return to work were reported from 15% and 5% of the workplaces, respectively. Only two sites had designated breastfeeding corners. Significantly different results were found between types of employer [government or private] and type of organization [national or multinational] with regard to breastfeeding breaks, breastfeeding corners, lighter jobs and paid maternity leave. Public and multinational companies were slightly better than private and national ones in providing breastfeeding facilities

APOSENTADORIA E ESPACOS URBANOS: EXISTE UM LUGAR PARA O APOSENTADO? / JUBILACIÓN Y ESPACIOS URBANOS:¿HAY UN LUGAR PARA EL JUBILADO? / RETIREMENT AND URBAN SPACES: IS THERE A PLACE FOR THE RETIRED?

Este estudo objetivou investigar as relações estabelecidas por aposentados com os espaços urbanos centrais da cidade de Florianópolis, tendo por base a leitura de Henri Lefèbvre. Para tanto, realizaram-se incursões a tais espaços com observação de campo, elaboração de registros fotográficos e entrevistas abertas com sete pessoas aposentadas. Adotou-se o método lefebvriano na análise das informações, em três momentos: descritivo, analítico-regressivo e histórico-genético. Os achados da pesquisa permitiram desvelar que as relações dos pesquisados com os espaços urbanos centrais de Florianópolis estão atreladas ao cotidiano, imersas no real e no imaginário, sendo vivenciadas, muitas vezes, por meio de contradições entre a cidade como valor de uso e como valor de troca. Mesmo quando não encontram um "lugar" na cidade, estes aposentados procuram formas de participar e de se inserir como atores nas mudanças em curso dos espaços urbanos que habitam...

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las relaciones establecidas por jubilados con los espacios urbanos centrales de la ciudad de Florianópolis, en base a la lectura de Henri Lefèbvre. Para tanto, hubo incursiones a dichos espacios con observación de campo, registros fotográficos y entrevistas abiertas con siete personas jubiladas. Adoptamos el método lefebvriano en el análisis de las informaciones, en tres fases: descriptivo, analítico-regresivos e histórico-genéticos. Los resultados de la investigación permitieron descubrir que las relaciones de los encuestados con las áreas urbanas centrales de Florianópolis están vinculadas al cotidiano, inmersas en lo real y lo imaginario, siendo vivenciadas, muchas veces, a través de contradicciones entre la ciudad como valor de uso y como valor de intercambio. Incluso cuando no encuentran un "lugar" en la ciudad, estos jubilados están buscando maneras de participar y de inserirse como actores de los cambios que están ocurriendo en los espacios urbanos en que habitan...

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of retired people with urban spaces located in the downtown areas of Florianópolis (SC), based on the theories of Henri Lefèbvre. Incursions to these places were performed with field observation, photographic registries and open interviews with seven retired people. The lefebvrian method of analysis was adopted in three different moments: descriptive, analytical-regressive and historical-genetic. Research findings revealed that the relation of the interviewees with downtown urban spaces of Florianópolis are linked to daily routine, lived as reality and imagination, and many times experiencing the city contradictions, as use-value and exchange-value. Even when they can not find a "place" in the city, they look for ways to participate and insert themselves as actors of the changes being made...

Calidad de vida urbana en la Argentina de la posconvertibilidad. Procesos sociales y territoriales en el período 2003-2012 / Quality of urban life in Argentina at post-convertibility: Social and territorial processes in the period 2003-2012

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en indagar los niveles de calidad de vida de la población urbana en la Argentina entre 2003 y 2012, período signado por la implementación de un modelo de crecimiento denominado posconvertibilidad, neodesarrollismo o posneoliberalismo, para reconocer sus efectos en la evaluación del bienestar de sus habitantes. Con tal fin, se elabora un Índice de Calidad de Vida de implantación puntual aplicado a las ciudades donde se releva la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH-INDEC), cuyas bases de datos corresponden a 32 aglomerados urbanos. El análisis se complementa con la búsqueda de la asociación estadística entre niveles de calidad de vida y distribución del ingreso en las ciudades incorporadas a la consulta de la EPH. Por tanto, el análisis pretende contribuir al conocimiento de las disparidades socioterritoriales entre las aglomeraciones urbanas, en el marco de procesos sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales que prefigurarían cambios importantes en el bienestar de los hogares argentinos a lo largo de los últimos diez años. (AU)

Prevalence and risk factors of onychomycosis in primary school children living in rural and urban areas in Central Anatolia of Turkey.

Background: Onychomycosis is a world-wide public health concern in children, requiring epidemiological data for different regions for control and prevention. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predominant pathogens and risk factors for onychomycosis in school children living in Kayseri, Turkey. Methods: This study included 8122 school children, aged 5-16 years, living in the rural and urban areas around Kayseri. Onychomycosis was clinically classifi ed as distal and lateral subungual (DLSO), proximal subungual, superfi cial white, endonyx and totally dystrophic onychomycosis. Nail samples from children with clinically diagnosed onychomycosis were collected, examined by direct microscopy and inoculated for culture study. The demographic features and possible risk factors were recorded and assessed by logistic regression models. Results: We clinically diagnosed onychomycosis in 152 out of 8,122 (0.18%) school children. DLSO was the most frequent clinical diagnosis (120/152, 78.9%). Culture-positive onychomycosis was detected in 27/152 (17.7%) children. The prevalence of culture-positive onychomycosis was determined as 0.33%. All culture-positive samples were only from toenails. The onychomycosis causative agents were dermatophytes in 17/27 cases (62.9%), including Trichophyton rubrum 12 (44.4%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes 1 (3.7%), Trichophyton tonsurans 1 (3.7%) and Trichophyton spp. 3 (11.1%) and yeasts in 10/27 cases (37.1%), including Candida glabrata 4 (14.8%), Candida parapsilosis 1 (3.7%), Trichosporon 2 (7.4%) and Rhodotorula 3 (11.1%). Age, father’s occupation, number of siblings and rooms were statistically associated with the frequency of onychomycosis. Conclusions: Although to be prevalence of onychomycosis in school children in central Anatolia of Turkey seems very low degree, pediatric onychomycosis is a growing public health concern all over the world. Children having more siblings or unemployed fathers and children living in small house as well as older children should be examined carefully for onychomycosis.

Una cuestión urbana: las villas en la ciudad / An Urban Issue: Villas in the city

Informe que tiene como objetivo describir un perfil actualizado sobre los habitantes de las villas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, según datos censales y de la Encuesta Anual de Hogares (EAH), relevamiento anual de la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos del GCABA. Se describen su evolución, localización, y carencias y composición de los hogares.

Changes in Demographic Features of Gallstone Disease: 30 Years of Surgically Treated Patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the clinical and demographical characteristics of gallstone disease in Korea, based on 30 years of surgically treated patients at a single institute. METHODS: In total, 7,949 gallstone patients who underwent surgery between 1981 and 2010 were analyzed. Patients were divided into six time periods: period I (1981 to 1985, n=831), period II (1986 to 1990, n=888), period III (1991 to 1995, n=1,040), period IV (1996 to 2000, n=1,261), period V (2001 to 2005, n=1,651) and period VI (2006 to 2010, n=2,278). RESULTS: The total number and mean age of the patients gradually increased, and the male/female ratio decreased. The proportion of gallbladder (GB)-stone cases increased, whereas the proportions of common bile duct (CBD)- and intrahepatic duct (IHD)-stone cases decreased. Differences in patient geographical origins also decreased. Based on the relationship between changes in the prevalence of gallstone disease and socioeconomic status, the prevalence of CBD stones showed a strong correlation with Engel's coefficient (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that although the total number of cases and the mean age of gallstone patients have continuously increased, there are trends of increasing GB-stone cases and decreasing CBD- and IHD-stone cases.

Tendência temporal de tabagismo em população urbana: um estudo de base populacional no Sul do Brasil / Time trends in smoking in an urban population: a population-based study in Southern Brazil

Avaliou-se a tendência temporal da prevalência de tabagismo conforme renda familiar, idade e sexo entre indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais residentes em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cinco inquéritos de base populacional utilizando-se de setores censitários foram realizados na cidade entre 2002-2010. Considerou-se tabagismo o consumo de um ou mais cigarros por dia há pelo menos um mês. A tendência temporal foi avaliada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado para tendência linear. Os cinco inquéritos realizados incluíram 15.136 indivíduos. Neste período, a prevalência total de tabagismo caiu de 28 por cento (25,8-30,4) em 2002 para 21 por cento (19,5-23,5) em 2010. Esta queda de 23 por cento foi semelhante entre os sexos, mas muito diferente em relação à renda familiar. Quanto menor a renda familiar, maior a prevalência de tabagismo. Entre 2002-2010, a taxa de redução do tabagismo foi de 26 por cento no menor quintil de renda e de 39 por cento no maior. Apesar das reduções observadas, a prevalência de tabagismo ainda é elevada, indicando a necessidade de fortalecer medidas de controle voltadas principalmente aos indivíduos com menor renda.

This study evaluated time trends in smoking prevalence according to gender and family income among individuals 20 years or older in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Five population-based surveys using census tracts were conducted in the city from 2002 to 2010. Smoking was defined as consumption of one or more cigarettes per day for at least one month. Time trend was assessed using the chi-square test for linear trend. 15,136 individuals were enrolled in these surveys. During this period, overall smoking prevalence decreased from 28 percent (25.8-30.4) in 2002 to 21 percent (19.5-23.5) in 2010. This 23 percent decline was similar in both genders, but differed significantly according to family income (smoking prevalence increased as income dropped). From 2002 to 2010, smoking decreased by 26 percent in the lowest income quintile and 39 percent in the highest. Despite such reductions, smoking prevalence is still high, indicating the need to boost control measures, especially among low-income groups.

Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about epilepsy among rural and urban populations in cairo governorate and shebeen elkoum district

This study used a cross-sectional design aiming to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about epilepsy among rural and urban populations in Cairo Governorate as an urban area and Shebeen Elkoum district, as a rural area. The study was conducted at the outpatient clinics in Ain Shams University Hospital, which is situated in Cairo Governorate as an urban population; and Shebeen Elkoum University Hospital which is situated in Shebeen Elkoum district as rural population. The study population included 1320 individuals [males and females], 660 individuals from rural population, residing in Shebeen Elkoum district, and 660 individuals from urban population, residing in Cairo Governorate. They were recruited during their visit to the outpatient clinics, either alone or accompanied by others .They were chosen stratified random sample over a period of 10 weeks. Epileptic patients were excluded from this study. - A questionnaire lo assess participants' demographic data which included age,- sex, marital status, educational level and occupation. The questionnaire derived from literature reviews [Diamantopoulos et al., 2006., Daoudet al., 2007; Tuan et al., 2007] also dealt with population knowledge ,regarding causes of epilepsy, manifestations of the disease,, awareness and preference of treatment option and sources of their information about epilepsy. 2]Attitudes were measured with questions designed by Cohn [1987] about willingness to socialize with persons with epilepsy, persons with epilepsy having jobs like other people, epilepsy as a mental illness, the danger of epileptic seizures while driving, also the sheet included their attitude toward what is to be done when a seizure or fit occurs [9 items]. revealed that, population with university education were more likely to exhibit positive attitudes toward the epileptic patients when compared to non-literate population [P< 0.001].The study concluded that knowledge about epilepsy is scant among rural population, and the majority of the negative attitudes toward epilepsy were significantly associated with the misunderstanding of epilepsy and can vary substantially by culture. This study recommended the development of public awareness strategies through:- creation of effective health education of materials to address misconceptions and the development of other means of publicity to reach the underprivileged population, such as ;role-playing for rural areas and hotlines for urban areas

Tendencia del desarrollo puberal en escolares de la Región Metropolitana de Chile: Menor edad de presentación, mayor duración y dimorfismo sexual en la estatura / Trends in puberal development of school age children living in the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Background: There is a worldwide tendency towards an earlier appearance of puberal development among children, associated with an increase in weight and height. Aim: To study the trends in puberal development in Chilean school age children, between the years 1986 and 2001 and correlate it with weight and height changes. Subjects and Methods: In two representative samples of school age children, collected between years 1985 and 1987 (m-1986) and another between years 2000 and 2002 (m-2001), girls between 7 and 15years (958 and 935, respectively) and boys between 9 and 15 years (842 and 870 respectively), were selected. Breast development (B) in females and genital development (G) in males were classified according to Tanner stages. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status (according to Centers for Disease Control/ National Center for Health Statistics (CDC/NCHS) standards) were assessed. Results: The prevalence of obesity increased four fold between 1986 and 2001. The 2001 generation had a significantly higher degree of puberal development than their counterparts studied in 1986. Compared to m-1986, m-2001 subjects had a lower mean age at puberal development stage two and three, but no differences at puberal stages 4 and 5. BMI of m-2001 subjects was significantly higher than that of m-1986 subjects at all puberal stages. The m-2001 males showed highest stature than m-1986 in all puberal stage, however, in females there is no difference in height between m-2001 and m-1986. Conclusions: The highest BMI observed in the cohort of 2001, could be facilitating an earlier puberal development and ethnic factors could explain the sexual dimorphism in stature.

Menopausal and post-menopausal women of health status at Assiut Governorate

According to the WHO increase in life - expectancy and aging associated problems are increased, in developing countries 5 to 8% of the population arc postmenopausal women [WHO 1996]. The aim of this study is to assess menopausal and postmenopausal women health status in Assiut Governorate. A descriptive study was conducted; the target population was four hundred postmenopausal women, 220 from urban [Assiut city] and 180 women from rural [El-Asara and Mosha village].During the period from first March 2009 to the end of August 2009, Data was collected through home visits by using an interview questionnaire sheet developed by the investigator. . It includes three parts. First part includes socio demographic characteristics [age, residence, education, occupation, marital status, and income]. Second Part includes Physical characteristics, [height, weight, blood pressure, elimination, nutritional habits, teeth, sleeping hours and daily activities]. Third Part includes Health characteristics; [periodic check-up, health problems, exposure to accident some physiological changes related to age].The results reveled that the mean age of the studied sample at menopause was 45.9+3.7.The most common symptoms hot flushes [61%] and insomnia [51%].About Three quarter [76%] percent of women had health problems, the most common were hypertension [36.5] and diabetes [20.5%]. The percentage of agreement was statistically significant higher among women of post- menopause more than 60 years p<0.05. In .conclusion most of postmenopausal women were suffering from hot flushes and insomnia with menopause and had health problems .The present study recommended Increase the awareness of women regarding menopausal changes through mass media, educational programs in postmenopausal clinics

Lazer e urbanização no Brasil: notas de uma história recente (décadas de 1950/1970) / Ocio y urbanización en Brasil: notas de una historia reciente (décadas de 1950/1970) / Leisure and urbanization in Brazil: notes of a recent history (1950's/1970's)

Este artigo objetiva discutir a relação entre a aceleração do processo de urbanização do Brasil, observável a partir dos anos 1950, e de forma ainda mais intensa ao longo dos anos 1960 e 1970, e os novos arranjos do fenômeno lazer em nossa sociedade. O intuito é analisar as possíveis correspondências entre um certo aspecto da cultura (o lazer) e as formas assumidas ou idealizadas para um território. Para alcançar esse objetivo, além de uma revisão da bibliografia, utiliza-se como fonte principal um periódico semanal de grande circulação, penetrabilidade e influência, lançado nos anos 1960: a revista Veja.

This article has for purpose to argue the relation between the increase of the urbanization process in Brazil and the new arrangements of the leisure in our society. The aim is to analyze the possible correspondences between a certain aspect of the culture (leisure) and the forms assumed or idealized for a territory. For reach our objective, beyond a revision of literature, we use as source a magazine of great circulation, penetration and influence, launched in 1960's: Veja.

Ese artículo intenta discutir la relación entre la aceleración del proceso de urbanización en Brasil, observable desde los años 1950 y aún más intensamente durante los años 1960 y 1970, y los nuevos arreglos del fenómeno ocio en nuestra sociedad. El objetivo es examinar las posibles conexiones entre un aspecto de la cultura (el ocio/entretenimiento) y las formas asumidas o idealizadas para un territorio. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo, hicimos inicialmente una revisión de la literatura y posteriormente utilizamos como fuente principal un periódico semanal principal de gran circulación, lanzado en los años 1960: la revista Veja.

Programas de erradicação, reassentamento e urbanização das favelas: Delhi e Mumbai

Este artigo comparativo focaliza as políticas públicas adotadas para as favelas das duas maiores metrópoles indianas, Delhi, a capital política, e Mumbai, o principal centro econômico. Tentaremos entender as convergências e divergências existentes nas políticas das favelas aplicadas no período pós-independência, nas políticas de melhoria dos serviços básicos, de reassentamento e de urbanização. Como será mostrado, a explicação das principais diferenças tem como base as interações distintas de atores, públicos, privados e da sociedade civil, arraigadas em contextos urbanos específicos.

Demografia urbana e políticas sociais / Urban demography and social policy

Este artigo busca discutir as possíveis contribuições da análise demográfica para as políticas sociais de caráter urbano. Em particular, são apresentadas dez situações do processo de formulação de políticas sociais, nas quais a informação demográfica pode ter contribuições relevantes. Adicionalmente, são destacados dois outros aspectos importantes: o problema da desagregação espacial da informação; e a necessidade do recurso a sistemas de informação geográfica.

This article discusses potential contributions made by demographic analysis to urban public policies. Ten situations pertaining to social policy-making where demographic information may provide a substantial contribution are featured here. Additionally, two other important aspects are highlighted - namely, the issue of de-aggregating spatial information, and the need to use geographic information systems.

Perú: Estimaciones y proyecciones de población total, urbana y rural por años calendario y edades simples, 1970-2025 / Peru: Estimations and projections for total population, urban and rural por calendar years and simple ages, 1970-2025

Su objetivo es dar a conocer las necesidades y capacidades básicas del país en el futuro. Constituye un aporte al conocimiento cuantitativo de grupos especiales de población. Se ha tomado como base los resultados del Boletín de Análisis Demográfico 35 (set. 2001)